In Lesson 18, we learned about the Simple and Continuous tenses of the Passive voice of Greek verbs. In Lesson 19, we’ll examine

• the Perfect tenses*,
• the Passive Participle

and we’ll learn a few tricks for correct spelling.

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*In Lesson 18, we talked about the construction of Perfect tenses:
auxiliary verb ‘έχω’ (‘είχα’, ‘θα έχω’) + Past infinitive
This construction is mostly used to denote that the action is, was, or will be finished at the time mentioned.

There is also a second way of forming the Perfect tenses in the Passive voice, which involves the use of the Passive Participle:
auxiliary verb ‘είμαι’ (‘ήμουν’, ‘θα είμαι’) + Past participle
This construction is used to denote the outcome of the action — thus,

έχω ντυθεί (=I have been dressed) refers mainly to the action, without excluding the outcome (I am dressed now), while

είμαι ντυμένος (=I am dressed) refers basically to the outcome itself.

Passive Participle

The Passive Participle has 3 genders and it is inflected as an adjective.

1. εργάζομαι –> εργαζόμενος
   The verbs which are stressed on the antepenultimate form the participle with endings in -όμενος, -όμενη, -όμενο.
2. κινούμαι –> κινούμενος
   The verbs which are stressed on the penultimate form the participle with endings in -ούμενος, -ούμενη, -ούμενο.
3. αγαπώ –> αγαπημένος
   The verbs which are stressed on the ultimate form the participle with endings in -ημένος, -ημένη, -ημένο .
4. σιδερώνω (=iron) –> σιδερωμένος
   The verbs ending in -ώνω form the participle with endings in -ωμένος, -ωμένη, -ωμένο.
5. ξοδεύω (=spend) –> ξοδεμένος
   The verbs ending in -εύω form the participle with endings in -εμένος, -εμένη, -εμένο.
6. σκουπίζω (=sweep) –> σκουπισμένος
   The verbs ending in -ίζω form the participle with endings in -ισμένος, -ισμένη, -ισμένο.
7. τρίβω (=rub, scrub) –> τριμμένος
   The verbs with a root ending in the letters π, β, φ, πτ (εγκαταλείπω =leave, abandon; σκάβω =dig, γράφω, βλάπτω =damage, hurt) form the participle with endings in -μμένος, -μμένη, -μμένο. (Notice the double –μμ-)

Since the participle is inflected as an adjective, it is only natural that the plural will be formed as
verb in plural + participle in plural 

Thus, we can get the following forms:

Present Perfect (I am untied, loose)

Past Perfect (I was loose)

Future Perfect (I will be loose)

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Standard Verb Endings

1. Verbs eding in –ώνω:
   τελειώνω (=finish), λερώνω (=sully), θυμώνω (=get angry)
2. Verbs ending in –ίζω:
   ποτίζω (=water, irrigate), γεμίζω (=fill)
   Exceptions:  δανείζω (=lend), δακρύζω (=shed tears), αθροίζω (=sum up), πήζω (=congeal, set), etc
3. Verbs in –εύω:
   κινδυνεύω (=be in danger), παλεύω (=struggle, wrestle)
   Exception: κλέβω (=steal)
4. Verbs in –αίνω:
   μπαίνω (=enter), βγαίνω (=exit), ανεβαίνω (=ascend)
   Exception: μένω (=stay), δένω (=tie), πλένω (=wash)
5. Verbs in -έλλω, -άλλω*:
   ανατέλλω (=rise, as for the sun), αναβάλλω (=postpone)
   Exception: θέλω (=want)
6. Verbs in -άσσω, -άττω:
   παρατάσσω (=array, deploy), διαπράττω (=perpetrate)

* The verbs ending in -έλλω, -άλλω are written:

• with double –λλ– in the present, the imperfect & in future continuous (i.e. when the action expressed by the verb has a sense of continuity, perpetuality) ;
•  with a single –λ– in simple past and in all the tenses which are formed based on simple past’s root,

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Exercises

I. Strike out the erroneous choice:

1. Αύριο θα ποτίσω / θα ποτήσω τα λουλούδια.
2. Μόλις πήξει / πίξει η κρέμα, το γλυκό θα είναι έτοιμο.
   (=as soon as the cream sets, the cake will be ready)
3. Ο Νίκος ύψωσε / υψώσει τον χαρταετό (=kite).
4. Η Μαρία λούστηκε / έλουσε χτες το πρωί.
5. Κοιμόμουν / θα κοιμηθώ όταν ήλθες.